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Extracted Abstract:
Smart Cities have gradually shifted their focus from just being tech- nology hubs that simply collect information to be consumed by their citizens, to large scale interactive environments with their users being inherently considered as vital elements of the city. Therefore, the overall interaction paradigm has evolved to promote active participation and collaboration between different parties, and support their new roles and objectives. Already a variety of domains such as transportation, healthcare, entertainment, agriculture, economy, and government provide smart solu- tions and efficiently utilize the Smart City’s resources, towards improving the overall quality of life of its citizens; this trend can only continue given the forecasted increase of the number of IoT connected devices. Within this promising world where citizens are the main players, natural interaction will be a critical need for the new genera- tion of Smart Cities. The recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies along with the emergence of innovative technologies (e.g. Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence, 5G) and the abundance of IoT devices empower the employment of various interaction modalities (i.e. presence, body posture and motion, eye gaze, speech, touch) able to accommodate different user abilities, context of use (i.e. public or private space), or device variations. Finally, the need for explicit This chapter is being also simultaneously published in Chinese as a chapter in: “Dong, J., Fu, P., Rau, P-L.P., Stephanidis, C., & Salvendy, G. (2021). Human-Computer Interaction - 6th Ed. (in Chinese). (398 pages), P.R. China: Tsinghua Press, (ISBN: 978-7-302-58948-8)”. A. Leonidis · M. Korozi · M. Antona · C. Stephanidis ( B ) Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FOR TH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece e-mail: cs@ics.forth.gr A. Leonidis e-mail: leonidis@ics.forth.gr M. Korozi e-mail: korozi@ics.forth.gr M. Antona e-mail: antona@ics.forth.gr C. Stephanidis University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 V . G. Duffy et al. (eds.), Human-Automation Interaction, Automation, Collaboration, & E-Services 12, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10788-7_30 513 514A. Leonidis et al. interaction has started to minimize, since automatic knowledge inference already enables cities to take the appropriate actions, both proactively and reactively. This chapter initially defines the vision of a Smart City, present the main objectives that provide its foundation and the contributing technologies that promote its realiza- tion. Then, it outlines the key interaction paradigms encountered in Smart Cities and introduces a variety of use cases that highlight, from an HCI perspective, interactions of citizens with Smart City services and applications. Finally, it discusses the key challenges that engineers and official authorities should address in their endeavor to build truly efficient and well-accepted cities, and concludes by offering some closing reflections about their promising potentials. Keywords Smart city ·Human-environment interaction ·Implicit interaction · Internet of things ·Digital city ·Ambient intelligence ·Interaction 1